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Somalia marked a milestone in September 2012 with the establishment of a new fed- eral government that has since won the support and recognition of the international com- munity.}

As al Shabaab embarked on a sweeping offensive across much of central Somalia in April 2025, diplomats in Somalia’s seaside capital began mulling over a disconcerting hypothetical.}

The September 2013 attack on Nairobi’s Westgate Shopping Center, which left more than 70 people dead, has positioned the Somali extremist group, Al-Shabaab, firmly in the global spotlight.}

In the early hours of 2 April 2015, Al-Shabaab militants raided the Garissa campus of Moi University College in Kenya since the bombing of the U.S. embassy by Al-Qaida in 1998, surpassing even the Westgate Shopping Mall carnage of September 2013.}

Harakaat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiiin, Al-Qaeda’s affiliate in the Horn of Africa, has long been perceived as a Somali organisation – albeit one that represents a security threat to the wider region.}

As Europe struggles to manage its largest migrant crisis in more than half a century, attention has focused largely upon the refugee flows from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan, where years of war and instability are driving the exodus.}