Geography provides a vital lens for understanding Somalia’s political evolution, especially the widening North-South divide in governance since the collapse of the Barre regime in 1991. In 2021, Somaliland held credible parliamentary and municipal elections, while Puntland conducted its first direct local elections in select districts milestones that contrast sharply with the prolonged, chaotic electoral process in southern Somalia. Somaliland and Puntland, despite contested borders and deep clan differences, have cultivated a form of “positive rivalry” that fuels democratic gains. This mutual learning fosters civic pride, investment in inclusive politics, and cross-border economic integration. Fishermen from Puntland now use Berbera’s modernized port, while livestock farmers in both regions trade freely across soft borders. The Berbera Corridor and other trade routes promise greater intra-Somali economic potential. However, the democratic experiment faces threats from hardline Islamist movements like Al-I’tisam, which seek to curb freedoms and gain political control. The best defence lies in sustaining democratic reforms, expanding civil liberties, and investing in equitable economic opportunities. Somaliland and Puntland’s commitment to inclusive governance may hold the key not only to resolving their disputes but also to shaping a more stable, prosperous Somali future.
On 25 October, Puntland will hold its first-ever local council elections based on political parties rather than clan affiliations, allowing every citizen a vote. This pilot project, supported by the international community, is a significant milestone in Puntland’s democratic evolution and, if successful, could be replicated in the region’s remaining 47 districts. President Said Abdullahi Deni and the Transitional Puntland Electoral Commission (TPEC) have demonstrated strong political will and strategic leadership, ensuring smooth preparations despite challenges. However, the process has not been without controversy, including opposition accusations of state resource misuse and concerns over the expired mandate of the Supreme Court judges. The absence of a Constitutional Court also raises questions about how electoral disputes will be resolved. Unresolved issues remain, such as the drawing of electoral boundaries and ensuring minority clan representation. Without mechanisms to protect smaller clans, the new system risks reinforcing old hierarchies.